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El Nino, La Nina and El Nino Modoki - Explained

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EL Nino : The term "El Niño" originates from Spanish, meaning "the Christ Child," and was coined by fishermen residing along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru. It is used to describe the phenomenon of warming in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. El Nino is the name given to the occasional development of warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Equador and Peru. When this warming Occurs the usual Upwelling of cold , nutrient rich deep ocean water is significantly reduced. El Nino Normally occurs around Christmas and usually lasts for a few weeks to few months. Normal Years: In a normal year, a surface low pressure develops in the region of northern Australia and Indonesia and a high pressure system over the coast of Peru.  As a result, the trade winds over the Pacific Ocean move strongly from east to west. The easterly flow of the trade winds carries warm surface waters westward, bringing convective storms (thunderstorms) to Indonesia and coastal Australia.  Al...
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Chandrayaan-3: Lunar Exploration and Discoveries

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Source : Indian Express      The article provides an overview of the Chandrayaan 3 mission, its scientific objectives, and its connection to previous Chandrayaan missions.  Chandrayaan 3 aims to enhance our understanding of the Moon's surface, composition, and geological features by utilising insights from Chandrayaan 1 and Chandrayaan 2.  The mission involves a 26-kg rover equipped with six wheels, with a capacity to cover 500 meters at a slow pace, will explore the lunar terrain after descending from the lander.  The rover's activities will begin during lunar dawn and continue for a lunar day, approximately 14 Earth days.  The lander and rover together carry six scientific payloads for data collection.  Chandrayaan 3's payloads will delve deeper into lunar understanding by investigating lunar seismic activity, mineral compositions, and the behaviour of electrons and ions near the lunar surface.  The mission also aims to build upon the...
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ACTO: Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization

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ACTO, the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization, is an international entity established to safeguard the Amazon basin and promote its sustainable development through collaborative efforts among its member countries. Formation and Founding Treaty: ACTO's roots trace back to the signing of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty on July 3, 1978. This treaty was crafted and signed by eight countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.  The treaty laid the foundation for future cooperation and shared objectives among these nations. Evolution into ACTO: Building upon the commitments outlined in the Amazon Cooperation Treaty, the member countries took a significant step in 1995 by formalising their dedication through the creation of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO).  This institution was established to actively pursue and implement the goals set forth in the original treaty, indicating a stronger dedication to regional collaboration an...
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