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Western disturbances are meteorological phenomena that play a significant role in shaping weather patterns in certain regions, particularly in northwest India. These disturbances are labeled as extra-tropical storms due to their region of origin.  Origins and Travel Patterns Originating primarily in the Mediterranean Sea or the Caspian Sea, these disturbances are essentially low-pressure areas that travel eastwards, affecting various regions along their path.  They owe their name to the fact that they move from west to east, carried by high-altitude westerly jet streams.  These jet streams are powerful bands of fast-moving winds that stretch across the Earth's atmosphere, playing a crucial role in transporting these disturbances across long distances. Nature of Disturbance The term "disturbance" in "Western Disturbance" signifies an area of disrupted or reduced air pressure.  In nature, there exists a constant push for equilibrium, causing air in a region to try

Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), sometimes referred to as the Indian Nino, is a climatic phenomenon akin to the El Nino event, occurring in a relatively smaller expanse within the Indian Ocean.  This region is demarcated by the coastlines of Indonesia and Malaysia to the east and the African coast near Somalia to the west. The fundamental characteristic of the Indian Ocean Dipole is the disparity in sea surface temperatures between two focal points, akin to a dipole.  This dipole consists of a western pole situated in the Arabian Sea, which constitutes the western Indian Ocean, and an eastern pole situated to the south of Indonesia, encompassing the eastern Indian Ocean. When the Indian Ocean Dipole is in a positive phase, it signifies that the sea surface temperature on the western side of the Indian Ocean, in proximity to the Somali coast, is notably higher compared to the temperatures in the eastern Indian Ocean.  Conversely, during a negative phase, the wes

EL Nino : The term "El Niño" originates from Spanish, meaning "the Christ Child," and was coined by fishermen residing along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru. It is used to describe the phenomenon of warming in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. El Nino is the name given to the occasional development of warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Equador and Peru. When this warming Occurs the usual Upwelling of cold , nutrient rich deep ocean water is significantly reduced. El Nino Normally occurs around Christmas and usually lasts for a few weeks to few months. Normal Years: In a normal year, a surface low pressure develops in the region of northern Australia and Indonesia and a high pressure system over the coast of Peru.  As a result, the trade winds over the Pacific Ocean move strongly from east to west. The easterly flow of the trade winds carries warm surface waters westward, bringing convective storms (thunderstorms) to Indonesia and coastal Australia.  Al